This list is meant as an introduction to hate-related materials available at Schaffer Library and on the World Wide Web.  It is not an exhaustive resource on the subject.

Other Resources> Books, Articles, and Documents

Hate Speech and Free Speech

Bartlett, Jonathan, ed. The First Amendment in a Free Society. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1979.

Blee, Kathleen M. Inside Organized Racism: Women In the Hate Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Calvert, Clay. "Hate Speech and Its Harms: A Communication Theory Perspective." Journal of Communication 47 (Winter 1997): 4-19.

Cowan, Gloria, and Cyndi Hodge. "Judgments of Hate Speech: the Effects of Target Group, Publicness, and Behavioral Responses of the Target." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26 (15 February 1996): 355-74.

Cowan, Gloria, Miriam Resendez, and Elizabeth Marshall. "Hate Speech and Constitutional Protection: Priming Values of Equality and Freedom." The Journal of Social Issues 58 (Summer 2002): 247-63.

Delgado, Richard. "Regulation of Hate Speech May Be Necessary to Guarantee Equal Protection to All Citizens." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 18 September 1991, B1.

Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. Must We Defend Nazis?: Hate Speech, Pornography, and the New First Amendment. New York: New York University Press, 1997.

Downing, John D. H. "'Hate Speech' and 'First Amendment Absolutism' Discourses in the US." Discourse & Society 10 (April 1999): 175-89.

Fish, Stanley. There's No Such Thing As Free Speech, and It's a Good Thing, Too. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

_______. "Boutique Multiculturalism, or Why Liberals Are Incapable of Thinking About Hate Speech." Critical Inquiry 23 (Winter 1997): 378-418.

Fiss, Owen M. The Irony of Free Speech. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996.

Fraker, Susan and Richard Manning. "Civil Liberties: Skokie and the Nazis." Newsweek, 3 July 1978, 31.

"Freedom to Hate." The Economist, 8 May 1993, 33.

Gates, Henry Louis, et al. Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. New York: New York University Press, 1994.

Gibson, James L. and Richard D. Bingham. Civil Liberties and Nazis: the Skokie Free-speech Controversy. Urbana, Illinois: Praeger, 1985.

Graber, Mark A. Transforming Free Speech: the Ambiguous Legacy of Civil Libertarianism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

Greenawalt, Kent. Fighting Words: Individuals, Communities, and Liberties of Speech. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Gutiérrez-Jones, Carl Scott. Critical Race Narratives: A Study of Race, Rhetoric, and Injury. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Haiman, Franklyn S. "Speech Acts" and the First Amendment. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.

Hamlin, David. The Nazi/Skokie Conflict: A Civil Liberties Battle. Boston: Beacon Press, 1980.

Heyman, Steven J., ed. Hate Speech and the Constitution. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Lederer, Laura J., and Richard Delgado, eds. The Price We Pay: the Case Against Racist Speech, Hate Propaganda, and Pornography. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995.

Leets, Laura. "Experiencing Hate Speech: Perceptions and Responses to Anti-Semitism and Anti- gay Speech." Journal of Social Issues 58 (2002): 341-61.

_______. "Explaining Perceptions of Racist Speech." Communication Research 28 (2002): 677-707.

Leets, Laura, and Howard Giles. "Words As Weapons -- When Do They Wound? Investigations of Harmful Speech." Human Communication Research 24 (December 1997): 260-301.

MacKinnon, Catharine A. Only Words. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Marcus, Laurence R. Fighting Words: the Politics of Hateful Speech. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1996.

Matsuda, Mari J., Charles R. Lawrence, Richard Delgado, and Kimberle Williams Crenshaw. Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.

Neier, Aryeh. Defending My Enemy : American Nazis, the Skokie Case, and the Risks of Freedom. New York: Dutton, 1979.

Nielsen, Laura Beth. "Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in Public as Hate Speech." The Journal of Social Issues 58 (Summer 2002): 265-80.

Russomanno, Joseph. Speaking Our Minds: Conversations With the People Behind Landmark First Amendment Cases. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.

Strum, Philippa. When the Nazis Came to Skokie: Freedom For Speech We Hate. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1999.

Thweatt, Elizabeth. "Bibliography of Hate Studies Materials." Journal of Hate Studies 1 (2001/2002): 167-240. Available at: http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/againsthate/Journal1/thweatt.pdf; Accessed: 2/25/03.

Trager, Robert. "Entangled Values: the First Amendment in the 1990s." Journal of Communication 45 (Winter 1995): 163-70.

Walker, Samuel. Hate Speech: the History of an American Controversy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

Wolfson, Nicholas. Hate Speech, Sex Speech, Free Speech. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1997.

Campus Speech Codes and Hate Issues

Altman, Andrew. "Liberalism and Campus Hate Speech: A Philosophical Examination." Ethics 103 (January 1993): 302-17.

Arthur, John, and Amy Shapiro, eds. Campus Wars: Multiculturalism and the Politics of Difference. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995.

Aufderheide, Patricia, ed. Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Graywolf Press, 1992.

Boeckmann, Robert J., and Jeffrey Liew. "Hate Speech: Asian American Students' Justice Judgments and Psychological Responses." The Journal of Social Issues 58 (Summer 2002): 363-81.

Campanella, Gina L. "Campus Protests Expressions of Hate." Concordiensis, 2 November 2000, 11.

Chang, Mitchell J. "Improving Campus Racial Dynamics: A Balancing Act Among Competing Interests." The Review of Higher Education 23 (Winter 2000): 153-75.

Cohen, Joshua. "Freedom of Expression." Philosophy and Public Affairs 22 (Summer 1993): 207-63.

Cox, Phil. "The Disputation of Hate: Speech Codes, Pluralism, and Academic Freedoms." Social Theory and Practice 21 (Spring 1995): 113-44.

Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. "Overcoming Legal Barriers to Regulating Hate Speech on Campuses." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 11 August 1993, B1-3.

Dey, Eric L. and Sylvia Hurtado. "Faculty Attitudes Toward Regulating Speech on College Campuses." The Review of Higher Education 20.1 (1996):15-32.

Dodge, Susan. "Campus Codes That Ban Hate Speech Are Rarely Used to Penalize Students." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 February 1992, A35-6.

Falzano, Rebecca. "Discriminatory Chalking: Unacceptable Expression." Concordiensis, 2 November 2000, 11.

Gall, Robert W. "The University As an Industrial Plant: How a Workplace Theory of Discriminatory Harassment Creates a 'Hostile Environment' For Free Speech In America's Universities." Law and Contemporary Problems 60 (Autumn 1997): 203-43.

Gose, Ben. "Penn to Replace Controversial Speech Code; Will No Longer Punish Students For Insults." The Chronicle of Higher Education 29 June 1994, A30.

Gould, Jon B. "The Precedent That Wasn't: College Hate Speech Codes and the Two Faces of Legal Compliance." Law & Society Review 35.2 (2001): 345-92.

Gregorian, Vartan. "Freedom to Speak, Not to Harass... Campus Speech Codes Govern Outrageous Behavior, Not Ideas." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 April 1991, Late Edition.

Grey, Thomas C. "Civil Rights Vs. Civil Liberties: the Case of Discriminatory Verbal Harassment." Journal of Higher Education, 63 (September-October 1992): 485-516.

Herbold, Hilary. "Which Colleges Suppress or Regulate Racist Speech?" The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 5 (Autumn 1994): 94-98.

Heumann, Milton, and Thomas W. Church, eds. Hate Speech on Campus: Cases, Case Studies, and Commentary. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997.

Holzer, Henry Mark, ed. Speaking Freely: the Case Against Speech Codes. Studio City, California: Second Thoughts Books, 1994.

Kaplin, William A. "A Proposed Process for Managing the First Amendment Aspects of Campus Hate Speech." Journal of Higher Education 63 (September-October 1992): 517-38.

Karl, Jonathan D. "Stifled Speech on Campus." The Christian Science Monitor, 23 August 1990, 19.

Kirsch, Dan, et al. "All Speech Deserves Protection."  Concordiensis, 2 November 2000, 11.

Klepper, William M., and Timothy Bakken. "Hate Speech: A Call to Principles." NASPA Journal 35
     (Fall 1997): 38-45.

Lewin, Tamar. "Suit Challenges A University's Speech Code." New York Times, 24 April 2003, Late
     Edition - Final.

Magner, Denise K. "Wisconsin Student Complains About Professor's Use of the Word 'Niggardly'."
     The Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 February 1999, A12.

Matsuda, Mari J., et al. Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the
     First Amendment. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.

Nieger, Jan Alan, Carolyn J. Palmer, and Sophie W. Penney. "Addressing Hate Speech and Hate
     Behaviors in Codes of Conduct: A Model For Public Institutions." NASPA Journal 35 (Spring
     1998): 193-206.

Olivas, Michael A. "Racial Harassment/Hate Speech Bibliography." Journal of Higher Education 63
     (September-October 1992): 599-601.

Palmer, Carolyn J, Sophie W. Penney, and Donald D. Gehring. "Hate Speech and Hate Crimes:
     Campus Conduct Codes and Supreme Court Rulings." NASPA Journal 34 (Winter 1997): 112-22.

Shiell, Timothy C. Campus Hate Speech on Trial. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,
     1998.

Smolla, Rodney A. "Academic Freedom, Hate Speech, and the Idea of a University." Law and
     Contemporary Problems 53 (Summer 1990): 195-225.

Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn. "Hateful Sirens . . . Who Hears Their Song? An Examination of Student
     Attitudes Toward Hate Groups and Affiliation Potential." The Journal of Social Issues 58
     (Summer 2002): 281-301.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. University
     Responses to Racial and Sexual Harassment on Campuses: Hearing Before the Committee on
     Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate. 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., 10 September
     1992. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1992.

Wall, Vernon A., and Nancy J. Evans, eds. Toward Acceptance: Sexual Orientation Issues on
     Campus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2000.

Wessler, Stephen, and Margaret Moss. Hate Crimes on Campus: the Problem and Efforts to
     Confront It. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of
     Justice Assistance, 2001. Available at: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/187249.pdf;
     Accessed: 12/20/02.

Williams, Patricia J. The Rooster's Egg. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
     1995.

Youm, Kyu Ho. "First Amendment Law: Hate Speech, Equality, and Freedom of Expression."
     Journal of Communication 51 (June 2001): 406-12.
 

Hate on the Internet

Brown, Stacia. "Virtual Hate: the Internet Has Rekindled the Zeal and Magnified the Power of
     Hate Groups. What Can We Do to Fight Back?" Sojourners 29 (September/October 2000): 18-
     23, 65.

"Downloading Hate." The Economist, 13 November 1999, 30-1.

Jenness, Valerie and Ryken Grattet.  Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement to Law
     Enforcement.  New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001.

Joyce-Hasham, Mariyam. "Web Offense." The World Today, March 2000, 11-13.

Kallen, Evelyn. "Hate on the Net: A Question of Rights/A Question of Power." Electronic Journal of
     Sociology 3.2 (1998). Available at: http://www.sociology.org/content/vol003.002/kallen.html;
     Accessed: 12/20/02.

Kaminer, Wendy. "Virtual Offensiveness." American Prospect 12 Nov. 19 2001, 34-5.

Kessler, Jordan. Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online: an ADL Report on Internet Bigotry, Extremism
     and Violence, Featuring 10 Frequently Asked Questions About the Law and Hate on the
     Internet. New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1999. Available at:
     http://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/introduction.asp; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Lee, Elissa, and Laura Leets. "Persuasive Storytelling By Hate Groups Online: Examining Its Effects
     on Adolescents." The American Behavioral Scientist   45 (February 2002): 927-57.

Leets, Laura. "Responses to Internet Hate Sites: Is Speech Too Free in Cyberspace?"
     Communication Law and Policy 6 (2001): 287-317.

Levin, Brian. "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks
     in America." The American Behavioral Scientist 45 (February 2002): 958-88.

McDonald, Megan. "'Cyberhate': Extending Persuasive Techniques of Low Credibility Sources to
     the World Wide Web." In Advertising and the World Wide Web, edited by David W. Schumann
     and Esther Thorson. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999.

"Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online." Corrections Today 61 (August 1999): 102+.

Sandberg, Jared. "Spinning a Web of Hate." Newsweek 19 July 1999, 28-29.

Stern, Kenneth. "Hate and the Internet." Journal of Hate Studies 1 (2001/2002): 57-108.
     Available at: http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/Publications.asp?did=135; Accessed: 2/25/03.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Hate Crime on the Internet:
     Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate. 106th Cong., 1st
     sess., 14 September 1999. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2001. Available at:
     http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS12394;Accessed: 2/5/03.

Zickmund, Susan. "Approaching the Radical Other: the Discursive Culture of Cyberhate." In Virtual
     Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety, edited by Steven G. Jones. London:
     Sage Publications, 1997.

Hate Crimes

Boeckmann, Robert J., and Carolyn Turpin-Petrosino. "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime."
     The Journal of Social Issues 58 (Summer 2002): 207-26.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes. Washington, D.C., 1997.

Cleary, Edward J. Beyond the Burning Cross: the First Amendment and the Landmark R.A.V.
     Case. New York: Random House, 1994.

Cogan, Jeanine C. "Hate Crime as a Crime Category Worthy of Policy Attention." The American
     Behavioral Scientist 46 (September 2002):173-85.

Comstock, Gary David. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. New York: Columbia University
     Press, 1991.

Dority, Barbara. "The Criminalization of Hatred." The Humanist 54 (May/June 1994): 38-9.

Genocide: From Biblical Times Through the Ages. Princeton, New Jersey: Films for the Humanities
     and Sciences, 2002. Videocassette.

Grattet, Ryken, and Valerie Jenness. "The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United
     States." The American Behavioral Scientist 45 (December 2001): 668-96.

Grattet, Ryken, Valerie Jenness, and Theodore R. Curry. "The Homogenization and Differentiation
     of Hate Crime Law in the United States, 1978 to 1995: Innovation and Diffusion in the
     Criminalization of Bigotry." American Sociological Review 63 (April 1998): 286-307.

Green, Donald P., Jack Glaser, and Andrew Rich. "From Lynching to Gay Bashing: the Elusive
     Connection Between Economic Conditions and Hate Crime." Journal of Personality and Social
     Psychology 75 (July 1998):82-92.

Haider-Markel, Donald P. "The Politics of Social Regulatory Policy: State and Federal Hate Crime
     Policy and Implementation Effort." Political Research Quarterly 51 (March 1998): 69-88.

Hamm, Mark S. American Skinheads: the Criminology and Control of Hate Crime. Westport,
     Connecticut: Praeger, 1993.

"Hate Crimes and Ethnic Conflict: A Comparative Perspective." The American Behavioral Scientist
     45 (December 2001): 574-755.

Herek, Gregory M. and Kevin T. Berrill, eds. Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians
     and Gay Men. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1992.

Hynes, Charles J. and Bob Drury. Incident at Howard Beach: the Case For Murder. New York:
     Putnam, 1990.

Jacobs, James B. "Should Hate Be a Crime?" The Public Interest no. 113 (Fall 1993): 3-14.

Jacobs, James B. and Kimberly Potter. Hate Crimes: Criminal Law & Identity Politics. New York:
     Oxford University Press, 1998.

Jenness, Valerie. Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement to Law Enforcement. New York:
     Russell Sage Foundation, 2001.

Kaplan, Jeffrey, and Tore Bjorgo. Nation and Race: the Developing Euro-American Racist
     Subculture. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998.

Kelly, Robert J., and Jess Maghan, eds. Hate Crime: the Global Politics of Polarization.
     Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.

King, Joyce. Hate Crime: the Story of a Dragging in Jasper, Texas. New York: Pantheon Books
     2002.

Kotlowitz, Alex. The Other Side of the River: A Story of Two Towns, a Death, and America's
     Dilemma. New York: Nan A. Talese, 1998.

Kressel, Neil Jeffrey. Mass Hate: the Global Rise of Genocide and Terror. New York: Plenum Press,
     1996.

Lawrence, Frederick M. Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law. Cambridge,
     Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Leo, John.  "The Politics of Hate."  U.S. News & World Report, 9 October 1989, 24.

Levin, Brian. "From Slavery to Hate Crime Laws: The Emergence of Race and Status-Based
     Protection in American Criminal Law." The Journal of Social Issues 58 (Summer 2002): 227-45.

Levin, Jack and Jack McDevitt. Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed. New York:
     Plenum Press, 1993.

_______. Hate Crimes Revisited: America's War Against Those Who Are Different. Boulder,
     Colorado: Westview Press, 2002.

Loffreda, Beth. Losing Matt Shepard: Life and Politics in the Aftermath of Anti-gay Murder. New
     York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Lopez, Steve. "To Be Gay and Young in Wyoming." Time, 26 October 1998, 38-40.

McPhail, Beverly A. "Hating Hate: Policy Implications of Hate Crime Legislation." Social Service
     Review 74 (December 2000): 635-53.

Marcus-Newhall, Amy, Laura Palucki Blake, and Julia Baumann. "Perceptions of Hate Crime
     Perpetrators and Victims as Influenced by Race, Political Orientation, and Peer Group." The
     American Behavioral Scientist 46 (September 2002): 108-35.

Medoff, Marshall H. "Allocation of Time and Hateful Behavior: A Theoretical and Positive Analysis
     of Hate and Hate Crimes." The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58 (October
     1999): 959-73.

Moffatt, Gregory. A Violent Heart: Understanding Aggressive Individuals. Westport, Connecticut:
     Praeger, 2002.

Newton, Michael and Judy Ann Newton. Racial & Religious Violence in America: A Chronology. New
     York: Garland, 1991.

Nolan, James J., III., Yoshio Akiyama and Samuel. "The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990." The
     American Behavioral Scientist 46 (September 2002): 136-53.

Ott, Brian L., and Eric Aoki. "The Politics of Negotiating Public Tragedy: Media Framing of the
     Matthew Shepard Murder." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 5.3 (2002): 483-505.

Perry, Barbara. In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Rose, Suzanna M., and Mindy B. Mechanic. "Psychological Distress, Crime Features, and Help-
     Seeking Behaviors Related to Homophobic Bias Incidents." The American Behavioral Scientist
     46 (September 2002): 14-26.

Scott, Joni. "From Hate Rhetoric to Hate Crime: A Link Acknowledged Too Late." The Humanist 59
     (January/February 1999): 8-14.

Strossen, Nadine. "Hate Crimes: Should They Carry Enhanced Penalties? - Yes: Discriminatory
     Crimes." ABA Journal (May 1993): 44.

Temple-Raston, Dina. A Death in Texas: A Story of Race, Murder, and a Small Town's Struggle
     For Redemption. New York: H. Holt, 2002.

Tyler, Robin. "Eminem: Pied Piper of Hate." Gay & Lesbian Review 8 (May/June 2001): 12-14.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of
     1997: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 105th
     Cong., 2nd sess., on H.R. 3081 22 July 1998. Washington, D.C: GPO, 2000.

_______. Hate Crimes Violence: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of
     Representatives, 106th Cong., 1st sess., 4 August 1999. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000.

_______. Implementation of the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996: Hearing Before the
     Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 105th Cong., 1st sess., 19 March
     1997. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1997.

_______. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights. Crimes of Violence Motivated By
     Gender: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the
     Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 103rd Cong., 1st sess., 16 November
     1993. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1994.

_______. Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice. Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act
     of 1992: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice of the Committee
     on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., on H.R. 4797, 29 July
     1992. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1992.

_______. Bias Crimes: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice of the
     Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., 11 May
     1992. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1992.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Criminal Justice.
     Anti-gay Violence: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the Committee
     on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 99th Cong., 2nd sess., 9 October 1986.
     Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1987.

_______. Racially Motivated Violence: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of
     the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 100th Cong., 2nd sess., on H.R.
     3914, 11 May and 12 July 1988. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1989.

_______. Hate Crime Statistics Act: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the
     Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 99th Cong., 1st sess., on H.R. 1171
     and H.R. 775, 21 March 1985. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1987.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Church Burnings: Hearing Before
     the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., 27 June
     1996. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1997.

_______. Combating Hate Crimes: Promoting A Responsive and Responsible Role For the Federal
     Government: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 106th
     Cong., 1st sess., 11 May 1999. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000.

_______. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1998: Hearing Before the Committee on the
     Judiciary, United States Senate, 105th Cong., 2nd sess., on S.J. Res. 1529, A Bill to Enhance
     Federal Enforcement of Hate Crimes, 8 July 1998. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999.

_______. Implementation of the Violence Against Women Act: Hearing Before the Committee on
     the Judiciary, United States Senate, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., 29 September 1994.
     Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1996.

_______. Reauthorization of the Hate Crimes Statistics Act: Hearing Before the Committee on
     the Judiciary, United States Senate, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., on S. 1624, 19 March 1996.
     Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1997.

Waldrep, Christopher. Racial Violence on Trial: A Handbook With Cases, Laws, and Documents.
     Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001.

Multiculturalism and Diversity

Abalos, David T. Strategies of Transformation Toward a Multicultural Society: Fulfilling the Story
     of Democracy. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1996.

Antonio, Anthony Lising. "Diversity and the Influence of Friendship Groups in College." The Review
     of Higher Education 25.1 (2001): 63-89.

Bernstein, Richard. Dictatorship of Virtue: Multiculturalism, and the Battle for America's Future.
     New York: A.A. Knopf, 1994.

Biale, David, Michael Galchinsky, and Susannah Heschel, eds. Insider/outsider: American Jews
     and Multiculturalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.  

Buenker, John D. and Lorman A. Ratner, eds. Multiculturalism in the United States: A
     Comparative Guide to Acculturation and Ethnicity. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.

Carr-Ruffino, Norma. Managing Diversity: People Skills For a Multicultural Workplace. Boston,
     Massachusetts: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002.

Cock, Jacklyn. Melting Pots & Rainbow Nations: Conversations About Difference in the United
     States and South Africa. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2002.

Dathorne, O. R. In Europe's Image: The Need for American Multiculturalism. Westport,
     Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey, 1994.

Dillard, Angela D. Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Now?: Multicultural Conservatism in America.
     New York: New York University Press, 2001.

D'Souza, Dinesh. The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society. New York: Free Press,
     1995.

Giroux, Henry A. Living Dangerously: Multiculturalism and the Politics of Difference. New York: P.
     Lang, 1996.

Gitlin, Todd. The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked By Culture Wars. New
     York: Metropolitan Books, 1995.

Glazer, Nathan. We Are All Multiculturalists Now. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
     Press, 1997.

Goldberg, David Theo. Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell
     Publishers, 1994.

Hollinger, David A. Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism. New York: BasicBooks, 1995.

Jacoby, Russell. The End of Utopia: Politics and Culture in an Age of Apathy. New York: Basic
     Books, 1999.

Lambert, Wallace E. and Donald M. Taylor. Coping With Cultural and Racial Diversity in Urban
     America. New York: Praeger, 1990.

Lasch-Quinn, Elisabeth. Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age
     Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Norton, 2001.

Martínez, Elizabeth Sutherland. De Colores Means All of Us: Latina Views for a Multi-colored
     Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1998.

McElroy, John Harmon. American Beliefs: What Keeps a Big Country and a Diverse People United.
     Chicago: I.R. Dee, 1999.

Michaels, Walter Benn. Our America : Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism. Durham: Duke
     University Press, 1995.

Moen, Phyllis, Donna Dempster-McClain, and Henry A. Walker. A Nation Divided: Diversity,
     Inequality, and Community in American Society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press,
     1999.

Okihiro, Gary Y. Common Ground: Reimagining American History. Princeton, New Jersey:
     Princeton University Press, 2001.

Phinney, Jean S. "Understanding Ethnic Diversity: The Role of Ethnic Identity." The American
     Behavioral Scientist  40 (November/December 1996): 143-52.

Prentice, Deborah A. and Dale T. Miller, eds. Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming
     Group Conflict. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999.

Reed, Ishmael, ed. MultiAmerica: Essays on Cultural Wars and Cultural Peace. New York: Viking,
     1997.

Root, Maria P.P., ed. The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier. Thousand
     Oaks, California : Sage, 1996.

Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. The Disuniting of America. New York: Norton, 1992.

Sidel, Ruth. Battling Bias: the Struggle for Identity and Community on College Campuses. New
     York: Viking, 1994.

Summerfield, Ellen. Survival Kit for Multicultural Living. Yarmouth, Maine: Intercultural Press,
     1997.

Susser, Ida and Thomas C. Patterson, eds. Cultural Diversity in the United States: A Critical
     Reader.  Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2001.

Wallace, Amy. "Occidental's Noble Experiment in Diversity." The Journal of Blacks in Higher
     Education 11 (Spring 1996): 114-17.

Walzer, Michael. On Toleration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Weber, Lynn. "A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality."
     Psychology of Women Quarterly 22 (March 1998): 13-32 .

Webster, Yehudi O. Against the Multicultural Agenda: A Critical Thinking Alternative. Westport,
     Connecticut: Praeger, 1997.

Winfeld, Liz. Straight Talk About Gays in the Workplace. New York: Harrington Park Press, 2001.

Zelinsky, Wilbur. The Enigma of Ethnicity: Another American Dilemma. Iowa City, IA : University
     of Iowa City Press, 2001.

Zuckerman, Amy J. Sexual Orientation in the Workplace: Gay Men, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and
     Heterosexuals Working Together. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1996.

Reference Resources

Altschiller, Donald. Hate Crimes: A Reference Handbook. Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, 1999.

Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed. A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Cashmore, Ellis. Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 1994.

Cayton, Mary Kupiec, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams. Encyclopedia of American Social History. New York: Scribner, 1993.

Dorin, Adam, Brian Wiersema, Colin Loftin and David McDowall, eds. Statistical Handbook on Violence in America. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press, 1996.

Galens, Judy, Anna Sheets, and Robyn V. Young, eds. Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research, 2000.

Gottesman, Ronald. Violence in America: An Encyclopedia. New York: Scribner, 1999.

Lippy, Charles H., and Peter W. Williams, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience: Studies of Traditions and Movements. New York: Scribner, 1988.

Mitchell, Susan. The Official Guide to American Attitudes: Who Thinks What About the Issues That Shape Our Lives. Ithaca, New York: New Strategist Publications, 1996.

Newton, Michael, and Judy Ann Newton. Racial & Religious Violence in America: A Chronology. New York: Garland, 1991.

Ramsey, Patricia G., Edwina Battle Vold, and Leslie R. Williams. Multicultural Education: A Source Book. New York: Garland Publishing, 1989.

Russell, Cheryl. The Official Guide to Racial and Ethnic Diversity: Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Whites, 1st ed. Ithaca, New York: New Strategist Publications, 1996.

Straub, Deborah Gillan, ed. Voices of Multicultural America: Notable Speeches Delivered by African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native Americans, 1790-1995. New York: Gale Research, 1996.

Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1980.

Wilson, Carolyn F. Violence Against Women: An Annotated Bibliography. Boston, Massachusetts: G.K. Hall, 1981.

Other Resources> Web Resources

Government Web Resources

Office on Violence Against Women [Home Page]. Available at U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawo/; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. http://www.usccr.gov/; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of Education. Preventing Youth Hate Crime: A Manual For Schools and Communities. 1998. Available at: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/HateCrime/start.html; Accessed 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of Education. Protecting Students from Harassment and Hate Crime.  Available at: http://www.ed.gov/PDFDocs/harassment.pdf; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education. OPE Campus Security Statistics Website. 2003. Available at: http://ope.ed.gov/security/; Accessed 4/24/03.

U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. http://www.ed.gov/offices/OCR/; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. Your Rights and What You Can Do to Prevent  or Respond to Discrimination. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/legalinfo/yourrights.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Hate Crimes. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03/

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines. October 1999. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecrime.pdf; Accessed 1/6/03.

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Training Guide for Hate Crime Data Collection. 1996. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/traingd99.pdf; Accessed 1/6/03.

U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance. Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts of Criminal Justice Practitioners.  By Stephen Wessler. Washington, D.C., 2000. Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS4988; Accessed: 12/20/02.

U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance. Promising Practices Against Hate Crimes: Five State and Local Demonstration Projects. By Stephen Wessler. Washington, D.C., 2000. Available at: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/181425.pdf; Accessed: 12/20/02.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime. Resources for Responding to Hate Crimes. Available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/help/hbcfts.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of State. Hate Crimes. Available at: http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/race/hate/homepage.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

U.S. Department of the Treasury. National Church Arson Task Force, Interim Report for the President. January 1997. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/church_arson/; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Other Web Resources

Anti-gay Discrimination and Harassment in the U.S. Military. Human Rights Watch. 2002. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/dadt/; Accessed: 1/31/03.

Assault on Gay America: The Life and Death of Billy Jack Gaither.  Public Broadcasting Service. 2000. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Attempted Nazi March of 1977 and 1978 in Skokie: Digitized Document Collection of Skokie Public Library [Database]. Skokie Public Library. 2002. Available at: http://www.skokie.lib.il.us/s_community/cm_history/attempted_march/; Accessed: 2/11/03.

Cross Section of Racial, Religious, Sexual, and Ethnic Hate Crimes Timeline. Smiles Against Hate. Available at: http://www.smilesagainsthate.com/cross_section.htm; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Citizens Responding to Hate. Public Broadcasting Service. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/niot/citizens_respond/index.html; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Cluster Hate Speech Project. St. Edward's University. 1997. Available at: http://www.stedwards.edu/hum/drummond/hsp.html; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Combating Hate. Anti-Defamation League. 2002. Available at: http://www.adl.org/main_hate_crimes.asp; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Criminal Justice Resources: Hate Crime and Cult, Hate, Fringe, or Militia Groups. Jon Harrison. Michigan State University. 13 November 2002. Available at: http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/hate.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Cyber-Liberties. American Civil Liberties Union. Available at:  http://www.aclu.org/Cyber-Liberties/Cyber-LibertiesMain.cfm; Accessed: 1/31/03.

Dig Deeper: Test Yourself for Hidden Bias. Hatewatch.org. Available at: http://hatewatch.org/hidden_bias/index.html; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Frost, Bob. "Leading Question." West Magazine 26 July 1998. [Interview with Laura Leets, PhD,  Stanford University, Hate Speech Researcher]. Available at: http://www.stanford.edu/~leets/west.html; Accessed: 1/28/03.

God Hates Fags: Fags v Kids. Westboro Baptist Church. Available at: http://www.godhatesfags.com/fags/fagsvskids.html; Accessed: 5/22/03.

Hate Crime Laws. 2001. Anti-Defamation League. Available at: http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/intro.asp; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Hate Crime Laws in the U.S. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.  Available at: http://www.ngltf.org/downloads/hatecrimeslawsmap.pdf; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Hate Crime Resources - Facts & Figures. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Available at: http://www.ncjrs.org/hate_crimes/facts.html; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Hate Crime Resources - Publications. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Available at: http://www.ncjrs.org/hate_crimes/publications.html; Accessed: 3/24/03.

Hate Crimes (Fall 1999): Bibliographic Database Resources. OCLC Public Affairs Information Service. November 2000. Available at: http://www.pais.org/hottopics/1999/fall/resources/database.stm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Hate Crimes Hurt Families. Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays. Available at: http://www.pflag.org/publications/hatecrimes.pdf; Accessed: 1/31/03.

Hate Crimes in America: Texas Killing Spotlights Nation's Racial Divide. ABC News. 2000. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/hatecrimes980611.html; Accessed: 2/7/03.

Hate Crimes Laws: Federal Initiatives. Anti-Defamation League. Available at: http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/federal.asp; Accessed: 4/29/03.

[Hate Crimes] Legislation Timeline. Smiles Against Hate. Available at: http://www.smilesagainsthate.com/Legislation.htm; Accessed: 1/31/03.

Hate Crimes Today: An Age-Old Foe In Modern Dress. American Psychological Association. 1998. Available at: http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/hate/; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Hate on Display: A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos, and Tattoos.  Anti-Defamation League. 2000. Available at: http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/default.asp; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Hate on the Internet. Tolerance.org. Available at: http://www.tolerance.org/hate_internet/index.jsp; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Hate on the World Wide Web: A Brief Guide to Cyberspace Bigotry. Anti-Defamation League. 1998. Available at: http://www.adl.org/special_reports/hate_on_www/hate_on_www.asp; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Hate Speech. American Libraries Association. 2002. Available at: http://www.ala.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Our_Association/Offices/Intellectual_Freedom3/
Intellectual_Freedom_Issues/Hate_Speech.htm; Accessed: 5/6/03.

Hate Speech on Campus. American Civil Liberties Union. 31 December 1994. Available at: http://www.aclu.org/FreeSpeech/FreeSpeech.cfm?ID=9004&c=87; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Hate Speech on Campus. Rodney P. Riegle. Illinois State University. 1 July 1999. Available at:
http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/portfolios/students/javendano/home.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Museum of Tolerance.  Simon Wiesenthal Center. Available at: http://www.wiesenthal.com/mot/;
Accessed 5/9/03.

"The Pros and Cons of a Policy Covering Hate Speech." The University Record, University of
Michigan. 8 February 1993. Available at: http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9293/Feb08_93/8.htm; Accessed: 2/5/03.

Racism and Cultural Diversity.  Shippensburg University. 1997.  Available at: http://www.ship.edu/catalog/ug97/intro.html#racism; Accessed: 5/3/03.

Racism and Psychology. Mark Feinberg. American Psychological Association. 2000. Available at: http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/racism/homepage.html; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Racist Cartoons. White Aryan Resistance. 2000. Available at: http://www.resist.com/cartoons/racistcartoons.htm; Accessed: 5/22/03.

Responding to Extremist Speech Online: 10 Frequently Asked Questions. Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Available at: http://www.adl.org/issue%5Fcombating%5Fhate/10faq%5Fextremist%5Fonline.asp; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Project: Hate Incidents in 2001.  Available at: http://www.splcenter.org/intelligenceproject/ip-index.html; Accessed: 4/29/03.

Student Rights and Responsibilities - Standards of Student Conduct.  Brown University. 2002. Available at: http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Office_of_Student_Life/randr/nadp/standards.html; Accessed: 5/5/03.

Statement of the Anti-Defamation League on Hate on the Internet Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. 20 May 1999. Available at: http://www.senate.gov/~commerce/hearings/0520adl.pdf; Accessed: 1/3/03.

Ten Ways to Fight Hate: A Community Response Guide.  Southern Poverty Law Center. 1999. Available at: http://www.splcenter.org/pdf/twtfh-full.pdf; Accessed: 4/24/03.

U.S. Map of Hate Groups. Hatewatch.org. 2001. Available at: http://hatewatch.org/maps/hate/index.html; Accessed: 1/28/03.

Undergraduate Research Guide: Hate Crimes. Jane Doyle. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 23 December 2002. Available at: http://college.library.wisc.edu/resources/subject_guides/hatecrime.htm; Accessed: 1/28/03.
 

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